1 Introduction
Neurodiversity is used as an umbrella term to recognise differences in how people think, learn and behave . Derived from this broad concept, neurodivergence covers a variety of neurological conditions, such as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), dyslexia, and others . By understanding and addressing the unique needs of neurodivergent workers, organisations can create safer, healthier, and more inclusive workplaces. This not only improves occupational safety and health (OSH) but also makes use of the diverse talents and abilities that neurodivergent individuals bring to the workforce.
2 What is neurodiversity?
2.1 Terms and definitions
Neurodiversity is an umbrella term referring to the idea that all humans have diverse cognitive profiles, neurological abilities and strengths and weaknesses1 . Neurodivergence stems from this concept and is a non-medical term that encompasses several conditions such as autism, dyslexia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and Tourette syndrome . The term neurodiversity was coined by the Australian Sociologist Judy Singer, who proposed an alternative to a medical approach to these conditions and suggested appropriating the concept of biodiversity, recognising that just as biodiversity is essential for ecosystem stability, neurodiversity may be essential for cultural stability . Therefore, neurodiversity is a broad term encompassing both neurodivergence (having a brain that ‘diverges’ from the majority) as well as neurotypical, the opposite of neurodivergent, and the term used to describe the more common type of neurological development and functioning .
Neurodiversity reflects the principle that all these natural variations in cognitive functions and abilities should be recognised and respected3. Scientists also refer to this concept as the neurodiversity paradigm , which aligns with the social model of disability rather than the medical model. According to the social model of disability, the challenges faced by individuals are not caused by their conditions alone, but by the mismatch between the person’s impairment (whether physical, cognitive, or emotional) and societal structures. In other words, it is the interaction between an impairment and a barrier that creates a disability . This social model of disability attributes the difficulties experienced by neurodivergent individuals to societal factors, placing the responsibility for addressing these challenges on society instead of the individual12.
Terms related to neurodiversity include neurodivergent, neurominority, and neurotypical. Table 1 provides an overview of definitions.
